Reviewed entries
acting the maggot
In Irish English, acting the maggot means behaving foolishly, messing around, playing the fool, or deliberately creating mischief instead of behaving seriously or cooperatively.
Moroccoafak
In Moroccan Arabic, afak is a common politeness expression meaning ‘please’, especially when making or softening a request.
Irelandafter + -ing
In Irish English, be after + -ing can mark a recently completed event, as in “I'm after finishing,” meaning roughly “I've just finished.”
Mexico City¡aguas!
In popular Mexican Spanish, ¡aguas! is an alert meaning roughly 'watch out', 'careful', or 'look out' when someone wants to warn another person about immediate danger or trouble.
New York CityAlternate Side Parking
In New York City, Alternate Side Parking, usually shortened officially to ASP, refers to parking regulations that clear a posted side of the street during specified periods so street cleaning can take place.
Australiaambo
In informal Australian English, ambo can mean an ambulance officer or paramedic and can also refer to an ambulance vehicle.
Los AngelesAngeleno
Angeleno is the standard English demonym for a resident or person identified with Los Angeles.
Liverpoolantwacky
Antwacky means old-fashioned, out of date, or stylistically behind the times; it is especially associated with Liverpool and the wider North West of England.
Mumbaiapun / अपुन
In recognizable Bambaiya Hindi usage, apun is a first-person self-reference functioning roughly like 'I' or 'me', especially in informal and stylized Mumbai speech.
Australiaarvo
In Australian English, arvo is an informal noun meaning afternoon, especially in everyday expressions such as this arvo or Saturday arvo.
Miamiasere
In Cuban Spanish, asere (also spelled acere) is a colloquial word for a close friend or companion and a familiar form of address roughly like buddy, dude, or pal. It is strongly recognizable in Miami's Cuban and Cuban-American speech communities, but it is Cuban vocabulary rather than a word invented in Miami.
AtlantaAUC
In Atlanta education and local geography, AUC commonly means the Atlanta University Center, the historically Black higher-education community centered on the Atlanta University Center Consortium and its member institutions.
Scotlandaye
In Scots and Scottish English, aye is a common affirmative meaning yes. It can answer a question, confirm agreement, or acknowledge what someone has said, although the form also occurs in other British dialects and in formal voting language.
Birminghambab
In Birmingham and nearby West Midlands speech, bab is a familiar term of address that can sound warm, friendly, affectionate, or simply locally conversational.
Jamaicabag juice
In Jamaican everyday English, bag juice is a sweetened juice-style or flavoured drink sold in a small bag or pouch, commonly inexpensive and often served chilled or frozen.
Scotland · Newcastle & Tynesidebairn
In Scots and Scottish English, bairn means a child or offspring. The word can refer to a boy or girl and has a long documented history in Scots, while also occurring in northern English varieties.
Newcastle upon Tynebait
In Tyneside and Geordie speech, bait can mean food or something brought to eat, especially in everyday work, school, or travel contexts.
Washington, D.C.bama
In documented Washington, D.C. dialect, bama can mean an uncool, unfashionable or unkempt person; it is an informal and potentially insulting social-evaluation term, distinct in context from Bama as a shorthand for Alabama.
MumbaiBambaiya Hindi / बंबइया हिंदी
Bambaiya Hindi is a Mumbai-centered urban Hindi/Hindustani repertoire shaped by sustained contact among Marathi, Gujarati, English, Urdu/Hindi and other languages spoken in the city; it includes recognizable vocabulary, constructions, styles and street registers rather than one fixed uniform code.
Jamaicabammy
In Jamaican food vocabulary, bammy is a flat round bread or flatbread made from cassava, commonly served as a starchy side and especially familiar alongside fish dishes.
Bostonbang a U-ey
In Greater Boston and wider New England informal speech, bang a U-ey means to make a U-turn while driving, especially when giving quick spoken road directions.
New Orleansbanquette
In traditional New Orleans English, banquette means a sidewalk, a French-heritage local word that remains documented in the city even though younger speakers may know it less often than earlier generations did.
Londonbare
In Multicultural London English and related British urban speech, bare can function as a quantity modifier meaning many, much, lots of, or a lot of, especially before a noun or noun phrase.
Jamaica; also documented more widely in the Caribbeanbarrel child
In Jamaican and wider Caribbean migration vocabulary, a barrel child is a child who remains in the home country after a parent or parents migrate abroad and is supported across that separation, historically often through remittances and goods sent home in shipping barrels.
San Francisco Bay AreaBART
BART is the familiar acronym and everyday name for Bay Area Rapid Transit, the regional heavy-rail system connecting San Francisco with communities across the East Bay, Peninsula, and South Bay.
Jamaicabashment
In Jamaican and dancehall contexts, bashment is an informal culture word associated with dancehall-oriented parties, style, dancing, dress, and high-energy social settings. It is also used internationally as a label for dancehall music, but that equation is contested within Jamaica and should not be treated as a universally accepted synonym.
Australiabathers
In Australian English, bathers is a plural noun meaning a swimming costume, swimsuit, or swimwear; survey evidence shows it is especially common in southern and western parts of Australia.
New York CityBEC
In New York City food and bodega context, BEC is common shorthand for a bacon, egg, and cheese breakfast sandwich, especially a quick counter order on a roll or bagel.
Medellínberraco / berraca
In Colombian Spanish, berraco can praise a person as brave, capable, highly skilled, extraordinary, or impressive; other constructions can instead mean difficult or very angry, so context matters.
Jamaicabig up
In Jamaican speech, big up is an informal way to praise, salute, congratulate, thank, recognize, or publicly show respect to a person, group, place, or achievement.
Australiabikkie
In Australian English, bikkie is an informal noun meaning biscuit, typically a small sweet or savoury baked snack.
Londonblack cab
In London transport language, a black cab is a licensed London taxi, the familiar taxi category that Transport for London also describes as a hackney carriage, black cab, or cab.
Scotlandblether
In Scots, blether can mean to talk at length or loquaciously and can also refer to chat, talk, or speech that a speaker considers foolish or excessive.
Texasblue norther
A blue norther is the Texas regional term for a rapidly arriving cold front that brings a sharp temperature drop, often strong north winds and sometimes precipitation followed by cold, clearer weather.
Madridbocata de calamares
A bocata de calamares is an informal name for Madrid's iconic fried-calamari sandwich: rings or pieces of battered or fried squid served in a bread roll, especially associated with bars around Plaza Mayor and central Madrid.
New York Citybodega
In New York City, bodega commonly refers to a small neighborhood grocery or convenience store, often also functioning as a deli and everyday community stop.
Australiabogan
In Australian English, bogan is an informal and potentially insulting label for a person stereotyped as unsophisticated, poorly educated, or socially low-status in dress, speech, taste, or behaviour.
Singaporebojio
In contemporary Singlish, bojio is an interjection or complaint meaning roughly 'you didn't invite me' or 'never invited', often used playfully when someone learns that friends did something without including them.
Irelandbold
In Irish English, bold can mean naughty, badly behaved, disobedient, or doing something that deserves a mild telling-off, especially when adults talk about children or childhood behaviour. This regional sense coexists with the wider English meaning confident, brave, or daring.
Puerto Ricoboricua
Boricua means Puerto Rican and is widely used as an identity term for people and culture connected with Puerto Rico, including many members of the Puerto Rican diaspora.
Liverpoolboss
In Liverpool English, boss is an informal positive adjective meaning very good, excellent, brilliant, or great.
Birminghambostin’
In Birmingham and wider West Midlands speech, bostin’ is an enthusiastic informal adjective meaning excellent, brilliant, very good, or impressive.
Australiabottle-o
In Australian English, a bottle-o is an informal name for a bottle shop or liquor store that sells alcoholic drinks for takeaway purchase.
Philadelphiaboul
In Philadelphia slang, boul is an informal noun for a person, especially a boy or young man. In forms such as young boul, it can also work as a socially meaningful way of referring to or addressing a younger male.
Hawaiʻibrah
In Hawaiʻi Pidgin and local English, brah is a casual, familiar address term related to braddah or bruddah (‘brother’), often used much like bro or buddy. It is strongly established in Hawaiʻi local speech but has also spread into wider informal English, so it is not exclusive to Hawaiʻi today.
Scotlandbraw
In Scots, braw is an adjective meaning fine, splendid, excellent, handsome, or impressive, with meaning shaped by the person or thing being described.
Jamaicabredren
Bredren is an informal noun for a friend, comrade, or close companion, with strong historical association with Rastafarian speech and Jamaican usage. It can refer to one friend or collectively to a group depending on context.
Puerto Ricobregar
In Puerto Rican Spanish, bregar commonly means to deal with, work on, try to do, or help with something; the exact English translation depends heavily on the object and situation.
Australiabrekkie
In Australian English, brekkie is an informal word for breakfast. Brekky, breaky, and breakie also occur as spellings. The form is strongly associated with Australian everyday speech but is now understood and used more widely in English as well.
New York Citybrick
In New York City slang, brick describes weather that is extremely cold or freezing, especially in the expression “it’s brick outside.”
BirminghamBrum
Brum is a familiar informal name for Birmingham, England, used in local identity, conversation, media, tourism, and civic-cultural references.
BirminghamBrummie
Brummie is an informal noun for a person from Birmingham, England, and an adjective for things associated with Birmingham, including its accent and local culture.
Moroccobslama
In Moroccan Arabic, bslama is a common leave-taking expression meaning ‘good-bye’ or ‘go in peace/safety’ in everyday use.
Bostonbubbler
In New England regional usage, bubbler means a drinking fountain or water fountain: a fixture with a nozzle that sends up a small stream of water for someone to drink from.
Jamaicabulla
In Jamaican food vocabulary, bulla is a flat, round, dense cake or bread-like baked sweet, commonly made from flour with a dark sweetener such as molasses; recipes and textures vary.
ChicagoBungalow Belt
In Chicago, the Bungalow Belt is the broad arc of neighborhoods around the city's older center where large concentrations of early-20th-century Chicago bungalows were built, especially across the Northwest and Southwest sides and other outer-city districts of that era.
Singaporebungalow
In Singapore property usage, bungalow refers to a detached landed house; unlike a common British interpretation, the Singapore term does not require the building to be single-storey.
Scotlandburn
In Scots and Scottish usage, a burn is a small stream, brook, or watercourse; the word appears widely in Scottish place names, maps, trail descriptions, and environmental documents.
Moroccobzzaf
In Moroccan Arabic, bzzaf expresses a large amount or degree. Depending on the construction and context, English equivalents include ‘a lot’, ‘very’, or ‘too much’.
Bogotácachaco / cachaca
In Bogotá cultural language, cachaco/cachaca is a historically marked identity label associated with traditional Bogotá families, older capital speech, formal dress, courtesy, and a recognizable urban style; it is narrower than simply meaning any present-day Bogotá resident.
Miamicafecito
In Miami Cuban coffee culture, cafecito commonly means a small serving of strong Cuban-style espresso sweetened with sugar, typically served without milk in a tiny cup.
Londoncaff
In informal British English, a caff is a café, especially an unpretentious café or small inexpensive place serving simple food and drinks.
MiamiCalle Ocho
In Miami, Calle Ocho literally means Eighth Street and commonly refers to Southwest 8th Street through Little Havana, especially the culturally prominent commercial and visitor corridor at the heart of the neighborhood.
Singaporecan or not?
In Colloquial Singapore English, sentence-final can or can or not can ask whether a proposed action is possible or acceptable, functioning as a pseudo-tag; standalone can can also serve as an affirmative response meaning roughly 'okay', 'yes', or 'no problem' in appropriate contexts.
Newcastle upon Tynecanny
In Tyneside English, canny can describe a person, thing, or situation as good, nice, pleasant, or agreeable.
Mexico Citycapitalino
In Mexican Spanish, capitalino is a noun and adjective for a person from Mexico City or for something associated with the capital; it is generally more neutral and formal than the colloquial identity label chilango.
Australiacapsicum
In everyday Australian English, capsicum commonly refers to the sweet, hollow green, red, yellow, or orange vegetable that American English usually calls a bell pepper.
Londoncar park
In British English, a car park is an area or building where cars are parked, corresponding broadly to a parking lot or parking garage in American English.
Australiacark it
In Australian slang, cark it means to die, break down, stop working, or fail. The subject can be a person, animal, machine, vehicle, device, or other thing whose life or operation has ended.
Bostoncarriage
In New England, especially eastern Massachusetts and Greater Boston, carriage can mean the wheeled shopping cart provided by a grocery store or other large retailer for customers to carry purchases while shopping.
Londoncashpoint
In British English, a cashpoint is a cash machine or ATM used to withdraw money from a bank account with a card.
Madridcastizo / castiza
In Madrid cultural language, castizo describes something regarded as characteristically traditional, popular, or recognizably local to Madrid, especially customs, festivities, music, food, and older urban styles.
AustraliaCBD
In Australian city and travel language, CBD is the routine abbreviation for central business district: the central commercial and office core of a city, often functioning in directions much like city centre or downtown in other varieties of English.
Mexico CityCDMX
CDMX is the widely used abbreviation for Ciudad de México, the official name of Mexico City, and it appears throughout local government, transport, tourism, addresses, media and everyday urban shorthand.
PhiladelphiaCenter City
In Philadelphia, Center City is the standard local name for the city's downtown core, encompassing multiple central neighborhoods rather than one single neighborhood or a separate municipality.
Scotlandthe Central Belt
In Scotland, the Central Belt is the broad, densely populated central part of the country associated especially with the Glasgow–Edinburgh corridor and surrounding urban, town, and transport networks.
Mexico Citychamba
In informal Mexican Spanish, chamba means work, a job, employment, or an occupation, and it appears naturally in everyday conversation about earning a living or having tasks to do.
Bogotáchangua
Changua is a traditional central Colombian hot broth strongly associated with Bogotá and the highland region, commonly prepared with milk, water, scallion/onion, cilantro, salt, and often egg; family and restaurant recipes vary.
Hawaiʻicheehoo
Cheehoo is a loud Samoan-rooted celebratory or expressive cry. Pacific scholarship documents it in Samoa as deriving from an exclamation of traditional significance and used today for exuberance, victory, or challenge; University of Hawaiʻi sources also document cheehoo in current Hawaiʻi celebrations and community events.
Mexico Citychela
In informal Mexican Spanish, chela is a common noun for a beer, especially in casual conversation about ordering, buying, or drinking beer.
Parischelou
In contemporary familiar French, chelou means suspicious, dubious, strange, or weird. It is a verlan form associated with louche.
Londonchemist
In British English, chemist can mean a pharmacist, and chemist or chemist's can also mean the pharmacy or drugstore shop where medicines are prepared, dispensed, or sold.
ChicagoChicago bungalow
A Chicago bungalow is the city's locally adapted early-20th-century bungalow type: typically a brick, one-and-a-half-story house over a full basement, built to fit Chicago's narrow urban lots and climate and found in large numbers across the Bungalow Belt.
Mexico Citychido
In informal Mexican Spanish, chido is a positive adjective meaning good, nice, cool, attractive, enjoyable, or otherwise appreciable depending on the noun or situation.
Mexico Citychilango
In Mexican Spanish, chilango is a colloquial noun and adjective for a person from or associated with Mexico City and for things connected with the capital's culture or identity.
Texaschile con queso / queso
In Texas Tex-Mex restaurant and home-food language, chile con queso—usually shortened simply to queso—is a warm melted-cheese-and-chile dip commonly served with tortilla chips; recipes range from processed-cheese and canned-tomato versions to restaurant preparations using other cheeses, chiles and additions.
Medellínchimba
In Colombian informal speech, una chimba can mean something very good, excellent, impressive, or highly enjoyable; the word also has vulgar anatomical and other meanings, so context and register are essential.
Puerto Ricochinchorreo
In Puerto Rico, chinchorreo is the social practice of traveling from one chinchorro, kiosk, roadside restaurant, or casual food-and-drink stop to another, usually sharing fritters, local dishes, drinks, music, and conversation along the route.
Puerto Ricochinchorro
In Puerto Rico, a chinchorro can mean a modest roadside establishment where people stop for food and drinks; the word is strongly associated with informal local eating, drinking, music, and road-trip culture.
Pittsburghchipped ham
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania food vocabulary, chipped ham is ham sliced extremely thinly for sandwiches, a local deli tradition strongly associated with Isaly's stores.
Londonchippy
In informal British English, a chippy is a chip shop, especially a shop selling fish and chips and other hot fried takeaway food.
Washington, D.C.Chocolate City
Chocolate City is a historically important cultural nickname for Washington, D.C. tied to the city's twentieth-century Black majority, Black political power, music, institutions and community identity; its meaning must be understood alongside later demographic change and gentrification.
Hawaiʻichoke
In Hawaiʻi Pidgin and local English, choke can mean a lot, many, much, or a large amount or number. The exact mainstream-English translation depends on what the word modifies.
Australiachook
In Australian English, chook is an informal everyday noun for a domestic fowl or chicken, especially the live bird; the word can also appear in established expressions such as chook raffle.
Singaporechope
In Singapore colloquial usage, to chope something is to reserve or claim it for later use; the best-known everyday example is reserving a hawker-centre seat or table with a tissue packet or another personal item.
Madridchotis
Chotis is a slow partnered dance and its music, strongly identified with Madrid and especially with San Isidro and the city's traditional verbenas.
Madridchulapo / chulapa
In Madrid, chulapo and chulapa name traditional popular-Madrid figures and, especially today, people dressed in the characteristic local costume associated with San Isidro and the city's castizo festival culture.
BogotáCiclovía
In Bogotá, Ciclovía is the long-running city program that temporarily reserves a network of streets for cycling, walking, skating, exercise, and recreation on Sundays, holidays, and special occasions; the exact route and schedule can change.
Washington, D.C.cised
In documented Washington, D.C. dialect, cised means excited or enthusiastic about someone, something, or an upcoming event.
Newcastle upon Tyneclarty
Clarty means dirty, muddy, or filthy in Tyneside speech; the word is also documented more widely in Northern England and Scotland.
Scotlandclose
In Scottish usage, especially around tenement buildings, a close can mean the common entrance passage and shared stair access leading from the street to the flats above.
Jamaicacoaster bus
In Jamaican transport usage, a coaster bus is a smaller bus or minibus commonly used by privately operated public-passenger services, especially on inter-town and stage-carriage routes.
Liverpoolcob on
In Liverpool speech, to have a cob on means to be in a bad mood, sulking, annoyed, or noticeably grumpy.
Birminghamcob
In Birmingham food vocabulary, cob can mean a bread roll, especially in ordinary café, pub, packed-lunch, and sandwich-ordering contexts.
Jamaicacoconut drops
In Jamaican food vocabulary, coconut drops are a traditional coconut sweet made by cooking coconut with sugar into sticky pieces or clusters; ginger or other flavourings are common in some versions, but preparation varies.
Singaporecoffeeshop
In Singapore English, a coffeeshop commonly means a local open-air or non-air-conditioned food-and-drink venue with multiple stalls or operators, rather than simply a café focused on coffee.
Jamaicacook shop
In Jamaican everyday usage, a cook shop is a small local food outlet or business that sells prepared cooked meals, often functioning much like an informal or neighbourhood restaurant.
Puerto Ricocorillo
In Puerto Rican Spanish, corillo means a group of friends or one's crew—the people someone regularly socializes, goes out, or spends time with.
Londoncorner shop
In British English, a corner shop is a small local shop, often in a residential neighbourhood, selling everyday food, drinks, household goods, and other frequently needed items.
Miamicortadito
In Miami Cuban coffee culture, a cortadito is sweetened Cuban-style espresso cut with a small amount of steamed milk.
Australiacossie
In Australian English, cossie is an informal word for a swimming costume, swimsuit, or swimwear garment.
Irelandcraic
In Irish English, craic means enjoyable social time, lively conversation, fun, entertainment, or—in questions such as “what's the craic?”—the news or what is happening.
Londoncreps
In British youth slang, especially in London-associated speech, creps means trainers or sneakers.
Jamaicacriss
In Jamaican usage, criss is a positive adjective that can mean fine, okay, attractive, stylish, impressive, neat, or especially sharp-looking. With clothes and newly acquired items it often carries a stronger sense of fashionable, fancy, eye-catching, or looking fresh rather than merely generic good.
New York Citycrosstown
In New York City, especially in Manhattan, crosstown describes travel or transit running across the island from one side toward the other rather than mainly uptown or downtown; MTA route names use it for multiple east–west Manhattan bus services.
Irelandculchie
In Irish English, culchie is an informal and potentially derogatory label for a person associated with rural Ireland or the country outside Dublin, especially when the speaker stereotypes that person as unsophisticated, provincial, or lacking urban polish.
Madridcutre
In colloquial Spanish, cutre can describe something as shabby, poorly made, dirty, low-quality, tacky, or miserly depending on what it modifies and the surrounding context.
Mumbaicutting chai
Cutting chai is a small or partial serving of strong milky tea, strongly associated with Mumbai tea stalls and quick everyday tea breaks; one order may also be shared, especially in the older 'one-by-two' sense.
DublinD4
In Dublin address and place context, D4 is a common compact reference to Dublin 4, one of the city's south-of-the-Liffey postal districts, covering addresses in areas including Ballsbridge, Donnybrook, Sandymount, Ringsend, and parts of surrounding south Dublin.
Hawaiʻida kine
In Hawaiʻi Creole, da kine is a highly flexible context-dependent placeholder that can stand for a thing, person, place, action, quality, or idea when the intended referent is understood from the conversation.
Moroccodaba
In Moroccan Arabic, daba is an everyday adverb meaning ‘now’ or ‘at this time’.
Mumbaidabbawala / डब्बावाला
A Mumbai dabbawala is a worker in the city's long-running lunchbox collection-and-delivery network, moving home-prepared meals to workplaces and returning the containers through a coordinated multi-stage system.
Seoul대박
대박 (daebak) literally functions as a noun for a great success or big hit and is also widely used conversationally as an exclamation of enthusiastic approval, amazement, or 'awesome!'.
DublinDART
In Dublin travel and civic language, DART is the name of the electric suburban rail service serving Dublin and nearby coastal areas; the initials stand for Dublin Area Rapid Transit.
New York Citydeadass
Deadass is very informal African American English and New York-associated slang meaning seriously, genuinely, completely, or for real. It can intensify a predicate or statement and can also stand alone as a stance marker asking for or asserting sincerity.
Irelanddeadly
In informal Irish English, deadly can be a strongly positive adjective meaning excellent, brilliant, great, or very impressive.
Irelanddelph
In Irish English, delph, also spelled delf, can mean household crockery or earthenware such as plates, cups, saucers, bowls, and other tableware.
Australiademountable
In Australian school language, a demountable is a temporary or relocatable building, especially a portable classroom installed on a school site to provide additional teaching space.
Pittsburghdiamond
In southwestern Pennsylvania regional vocabulary, diamond can mean a town square or central public square rather than the gemstone or baseball infield.
Chicagodibs
In Chicago winter language, dibs is the informal practice of placing chairs, bins, cones or other objects in a shoveled street-parking space to signal that the person who cleared it intends to reclaim the spot.
Washington, D.C.DMV
In Washington-area speech, the DMV is shorthand for the D.C.–Maryland–Virginia metropolitan region: Washington, D.C. together with surrounding parts of Maryland and Northern Virginia, with exact informal boundaries depending on context.
South of Irelanddo be + -ing
In southern Irish English, do be + -ing can mark a recurring or habitual activity, distinguishing what regularly happens from what is happening only at the present moment.
Australiadoona
In Australian English, a doona is a soft quilted bed covering filled with down or synthetic material, broadly equivalent to what British English commonly calls a duvet.
Philadelphiadown the shore
A Philadelphia-region expression meaning to go to, be at, or spend time at the Jersey Shore.
New York City · Jamaicadowntown
In New York City, especially in Manhattan transit and navigation, downtown can mean toward lower or more southerly Manhattan; MTA signs and service notices use downtown for southward subway direction in Manhattan.
Philadelphiadrawlin
In informal Philadelphia speech, drawlin means acting out, doing too much, behaving out of character or unreasonably, or doing something others disapprove of. The force can range from playful criticism to a stronger negative judgment depending on speaker and context.
Scotlanddreich
In Scots, dreich describes something long-drawn-out, dreary, tedious, gloomy, or hard to bear; it is especially well known in descriptions of bleak weather.
New Orleansdressed
When ordering a po-boy in New Orleans, dressed means the sandwich comes with the standard vegetable-and-condiment toppings, commonly lettuce, tomato, pickles and mayonnaise.
Los AngelesDTLA
DTLA is the common abbreviation for Downtown Los Angeles, the city’s central business, civic, cultural, residential, and transportation district.
Londondual carriageway
In British English, a dual carriageway is a road where traffic travelling in opposite directions is separated by a central reservation or strip, broadly corresponding to a divided highway in American English.
BostonDunks
In Boston and wider Massachusetts speech, Dunks is a familiar informal nickname for Dunkin’, the coffee-and-doughnut chain founded in Quincy, Massachusetts.
Jamaicaduppy
In Jamaican and wider Caribbean usage, a duppy is a spirit or ghost; in Jamaica the word is deeply embedded in folklore, stories, warnings, and cultural references about the supernatural.
San Francisco Bay AreaDutch crunch
Dutch crunch is a crackly-topped bread or roll that is especially common at Bay Area sandwich shops, typically made with a rice-flour-based topping that bakes into a crisp patterned crust.
Moroccodyal
In Moroccan Arabic, dyal is a possessive linking word used after a noun to express relationships such as ‘of’ or ‘belonging to’. Possessive endings can attach to dyal, producing forms such as dyali ‘mine/my’ and dyalk ‘yours/your’ in context.
San Francisco Bay AreaEast Bay
In San Francisco Bay Area usage, the East Bay is the subregion on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay, officially encompassing Alameda and Contra Costa counties in the nine-county regional framework.
BostonEastie
In Boston, Eastie is the familiar nickname for East Boston, the neighborhood across Boston Harbor from downtown and home to Logan International Airport.
Ireland · Scotlandeejit
In Irish English, eejit is an informal noun for an idiot or foolish person. It can be humorous and familiar between people who know each other, but it can also be plainly disapproving or insulting depending on tone and relationship.
Londonends
In Multicultural London English and related British urban slang, ends or endz means a person’s local area, neighborhood, or home territory—the part of a city or town they come from, live in, or identify with.
Jamaicaescovitch
In Jamaican food vocabulary, escovitch commonly refers to fried fish served with a sharp vinegar-based pepper, onion, and vegetable pickle or sauce; the exact fish, vegetables, seasoning, heat, and proportions vary.
AustraliaEsky
In Australian English, an Esky is a portable insulated container used to keep food and drinks cold; the word comes from a proprietary name that became widely used in everyday Australian speech.
Australiafair dinkum
Fair dinkum is an informal Australian expression meaning genuine, true, honest, or the real thing. It can describe a person or thing as authentic and can also be used conversationally to ask for or react to confirmation that something is really true.
Australiafairy floss
In Australian English, fairy floss is the fluffy spun-sugar confection that American English usually calls cotton candy and British English commonly calls candyfloss.
Londonfam
In Multicultural London English and wider British informal speech, fam can mean a close friend or trusted peer and can be used directly as a familiar term of address; the same form also remains ordinary informal shorthand for literal family.
Scotlandfankle
In Scots, fankle can mean to tangle, entangle, ravel, or mix up, and as a noun can mean a tangle, muddle, or confused situation.
TexasFarm-to-Market Road / FM road
In Texas, a Farm-to-Market Road is an official state-highway designation, commonly shortened to FM plus a route number, for a roadway generally in a rural area that has been designated by the Texas Transportation Commission.
New Orleansfaubourg
In New Orleans historical geography, faubourg is the French term for a suburb or district outside an earlier city core, preserved today in neighborhood names such as Faubourg Tremé and Faubourg Marigny.
Texasfeeder road
In Texas road language, a feeder road is a frontage or access road running alongside a controlled-access highway and providing connections to ramps, local streets, businesses, and nearby property; the term is especially familiar in Houston-area speech.
Jamaicafestival
In Jamaican food vocabulary, festival is a lightly sweetened fried dough or fried bread commonly served as a side with jerk and other savoury dishes.
Seoul파이팅
파이팅 (paiting, commonly rendered 'fighting') is a Korean cheer of encouragement meaning roughly 'you can do it!', 'let's go!', 'good luck!', or 'keep it up!' rather than the ordinary English meaning of physical fighting.
Moroccofin
In Moroccan Arabic, fin is an interrogative meaning ‘where’. The Peace Corps textbook also records fayn as a variant.
Jamaicafish tea
In Jamaican food vocabulary, fish tea is a fish soup or broth, often relatively light, made by simmering fish with seasonings and vegetables or provisions; recipes vary widely by cook and setting.
Londonfiver
In informal British English, a fiver means five pounds, especially a banknote worth five pounds, and it can also refer casually to a price or amount of £5.
Texasfixin’ to
Fixin’ to is a Southern and Texas English construction meaning to be about to do something, preparing or intending to do it in the near future, often with a sense that the action is imminent.
Madridflipar
In colloquial Spain Spanish, flipar commonly means to be amazed, astonished, impressed, or delighted, and it can also mean to like something a lot; older drug-related senses remain in dictionaries but are not required in ordinary modern uses.
Australiafootpath
In Australian English, footpath commonly means the pedestrian path beside a road or street—the area that American English typically calls a sidewalk and British English often calls a pavement.
Victoriafooty
In Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, and Tasmania, footy commonly means Australian rules football rather than football in a generic worldwide sense.
Chicagofrunchroom
Frunchroom is a Chicago-associated rendering of 'front room': the living or reception room near the front of a house or apartment, especially in older local housing and family speech.
Newcastle upon Tynegadgie
In Tyneside and Geordie speech, gadgie can mean a man or bloke, and in some contexts especially an older man.
Birminghamgambol
In Birmingham and West Midlands speech, a gambol is a forward roll or somersault-like roll, a regional noun sense distinct from standard literary gambol meaning playful jumping or running.
Newcastle upon Tynegan
In Tyneside and Geordie speech, gan is a regional form of the verb go, including forms such as gannin for going.
Chicagogangway
In Chicago usage, a gangway is the narrow pedestrian passage between houses, two-flats, apartment buildings, or similar structures that connects the front of a property with the backyard or alley.
Irelandgarda
In Ireland, a garda is a member of An Garda Síochána, the national police and security service. The plural is gardaí; the Garda or An Garda Síochána refers to the service itself rather than one officer.
Irelandgas
In Irish English, gas can mean fun, amusing, funny, entertaining, or an amusing person or situation. Phrases such as great gas, a bit of gas, or you're gas depend heavily on tone and context.
Miamiget down from the car
In Miami English, get down from the car can mean get out of or exit a car, reflecting a Spanish-influenced lexical calque based on bajar del carro.
Chicagogiardiniera
In Chicago food language, giardiniera commonly means the finely chopped, often spicy mixture of pickled vegetables and chiles packed or marinated in oil and used as a condiment, especially on Italian beef, sandwiches, pizza and other foods.
Irelandgive out
In Irish English, give out means to complain, grumble, criticize, or scold, often in constructions such as give out about something or give out to someone.
Jamaicagizzada
In Jamaican food vocabulary, gizzada is a small sweet pastry or tart with a pinched or crimped pastry shell and a coconut filling commonly flavoured with nutmeg or other warm spices.
Scotlandglaikit
In Scots and Scottish usage, glaikit is an adjective meaning foolish, silly, thoughtless, or lacking sense; it can also describe a vacant or foolish-looking expression.
PhiladelphiaGo Birds
Go Birds is a Philadelphia Eagles cheer that also functions as a greeting, acknowledgment, sign-off, or quick signal of shared Eagles fandom in Philadelphia and among Eagles fans elsewhere.
New Orleansgo-cup
In New Orleans, a go-cup is the disposable cup used when a drink is transferred or served to take outside, a term strongly associated with the city’s street, bar, parade, and hospitality culture.
Liverpoolgo ’ed
In Liverpool speech, go ’ed is a reduced local form of 'go ahead', used to give permission, encourage someone to continue, or prompt an action.
Washington, D.C.go-go
Go-go is the percussion-driven funk-derived music and live-performance tradition that developed in Washington, D.C.'s Black communities and became one of the city's defining cultural forms, built around continuous grooves, call-and-response and strong audience participation.
ChicagoGrabowski
In Chicago cultural speech, a Grabowski is an older colloquial label for a hard-working, tough, unpretentious or blue-collar person, especially in the Chicago Bears and Mike Ditka cultural frame. The label can evoke Chicago working-class identity, but it is not a literal synonym for Polish American, manual worker, or Bears fan.
Irelandgrand
In Irish English, grand commonly means excellent, enjoyable, fine, or satisfactory, often with a more everyday and understated force than the standard sense of impressive or magnificent.
Jamaicagrater cake
In Jamaican food vocabulary, grater cake is a traditional sweet or confection made principally from grated or shredded coconut and sugar, often presented in coloured portions or layers; it is also known in Jamaican visitor material as Pink on Top.
Scotlandgreet
In Scots, greet can mean to weep, cry, lament, whimper, or complain tearfully; as a noun, a greet can mean a bout or fit of crying.
Bostongrinder
In New England food vocabulary, a grinder is a long sandwich on a split roll, typically filled with meat, cheese, vegetables, or other sandwich fillings and served hot or cold depending on the style.
Hawaiʻigrindz / grinds
In Hawaiʻi Creole and local slang, grindz or grinds means food or things to eat; the related verb grind means to eat.
Jamaica; wider Caribbean usageground provisions
In Jamaican and wider Caribbean English, ground provisions is a plural food-category term for starchy staple produce, especially root and tuber crops such as yam, cassava, sweet potato, and dasheen/taro; broader Caribbean usage can also include plantain.
Puerto Ricoguagua
In Puerto Rico, guagua can mean a bus and can also refer more broadly to a large passenger vehicle; compounds such as guagua pública name forms of public transport.
Madridguay
In colloquial Spain Spanish, guay means very good, great, cool, or—used adverbially—very well.
Mexico Citygüey
In informal Mexican Spanish, especially among familiar peers, güey can work as a term of address or conversational marker used to hold attention, signal solidarity, or address a friend.
Pittsburghgumband
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania speech, a gumband—also written gum band—is a rubber band or elastic band used to hold objects together.
County Louth and nearby border areagutties
In County Louth and nearby border-area Irish English, gutties can mean gym shoes, trainers, sneakers, or similar soft-soled sports footwear.
Chicagogym shoes
In Chicago regional English, gym shoes is an ordinary term for sneakers, tennis shoes, or athletic shoes, including footwear worn outside a literal gym.
Newcastle upon Tynehadaway
Hadaway is a Northeast English exclamation used to urge someone on, tell them to get away or stop delaying, or react with disbelief depending on context and tone.
Washington, D.C.half-smoke
A half-smoke is a Washington, D.C.-associated smoked sausage, commonly coarsely ground and made with beef, pork, or a mixture, often grilled and served in a bun with chili, onions, mustard or other toppings depending on the shop.
Seoul한강 치맥
한강 치맥 (Hangang chimaek) refers to enjoying fried chicken and beer by the Hangang River, especially in Seoul's river parks; 치맥 itself is a Korean-wide blend of 치킨 'chicken' and 맥주 'beer', not a Seoul-only word.
Jamaicahard dough bread
In Jamaican food vocabulary, hard dough bread is a familiar dense but soft yeast bread or loaf used as everyday bread and as an accompaniment to meals; the spelling hardough bread is also common.
San Francisco Bay Areahella
Hella is a strongly Northern California-associated slang intensifier meaning very or extremely, and it can also work as a quantifier meaning a lot of or many.
Londonhench
In informal British English and Multicultural London English, hench describes someone whose body looks notably big, strong, muscular, or well-built, especially as a result of exercise.
New York Cityhero
In New York City food vocabulary, a hero is a long sandwich on a split roll or loaf, typically filled with combinations such as meats, cheese, vegetables, and condiments.
Jamaicahiggler
In Jamaican English, a higgler is a small-scale trader or vendor, especially someone who buys goods or produce and resells them through a market, stall, street-vending, or similar retail setting.
Londonhigh street
In British English, a high street is the main shopping and business street of a town; the high street can also refer more broadly to ordinary retail shops and the retail sector.
Newcastle upon Tynehinny
In Tyneside and Geordie speech, hinny is a familiar term of address for a girl or woman, often carrying warmth or affection.
Jamaicahominy corn porridge
In Jamaican food vocabulary, hominy corn porridge is a thick porridge made by cooking hominy corn until tender, commonly served as a breakfast or meal porridge; recipes vary widely in milk base, sweetening, spices, and thickening.
Seoul홍대
홍대 (Hongdae) is the familiar name for the Seoul district around Hongik University, especially the Mapo area known for music, nightlife, street performance, art, fashion, cafés, and youth culture.
Irelandhot press
In Irish English, a hot press is a heated household cupboard used for storing and airing clothes, sheets, towels, and other linen, broadly equivalent to an airing cupboard.
Newcastle upon Tynehoway
In Geordie and Tyneside speech, howay is an exhortation meaning roughly 'come on', used to encourage, urge, challenge, hurry, or rally someone.
Oaklandhyphy
Hyphy names a Bay Area hip-hop movement and style associated with exuberant, high-energy music, dance, cars, fashion, and forms of self-expression; as an adjective it can also describe someone or something as extremely energetic or excited.
Australiaice block
In Australian English, an ice block can mean a frozen flavoured-water confection, sometimes served on a stick, overlapping with icy pole, British ice lolly and North American popsicle.
Australiaicy pole
In Australian English, an icy pole is a frozen sweet treat on a stick, usually made from flavoured water or juice and broadly comparable to a British ice lolly or North American popsicle.
Irelandimmersion
In Irish household English, the immersion commonly means the electric immersion heater used to heat water in a domestic hot-water cylinder or tank.
Londoninnit
In London English and wider informal British speech, innit can function as a question or discourse tag meaning roughly “isn’t it?” and can also appear invariantly where Standard English would use another tag such as “didn’t you?” or “haven’t they?”
Jamaicairie
In Jamaican speech, irie is a strongly positive word meaning all right, good, fine, pleasing, or in a good state or mood.
Singaporeis it?
In Colloquial Singapore English, is it can operate as a pragmatic question construction beyond the narrower Standard English agreement pattern, allowing speakers to form confirmation or response questions whose interpretation depends on the preceding proposition.
Liverpoolis right
In Liverpool speech, is right is an approving response meaning roughly 'well done', 'exactly', 'I agree', or 'that's good', depending on context.
ChicagoItalian beef
Italian beef is Chicago's iconic sandwich of thinly sliced seasoned roast beef on a long roll, served with its cooking jus and commonly ordered with sweet peppers or hot giardiniera and with the bread dry, wet, or dipped.
AtlantaITP
In metro Atlanta, ITP means ‘Inside the Perimeter’: locations inside the I-285 loop that circles the city.
Jamaicajackass corn
In Jamaican food vocabulary, jackass corn is a traditional very hard or tough, usually thin biscuit or baked sweet, commonly made with ingredients such as grated coconut, flour, and sugar; recipes and commercial versions can vary.
Australiajaffle
In Australian English, a jaffle is a toasted sandwich, especially one cooked in a jaffle iron or maker that presses and seals two slices of bread around a filling.
Scotlandjag
In Scotland, jag can mean a prick or injection and is commonly used in public and everyday language for a vaccination or vaccine dose.
Pittsburghjaggerbush
In Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania speech, a jaggerbush is a thorny or prickly bush; related local forms include jagger for a thorn, burr, or other sharp projection.
Pittsburghjagoff
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania speech, jagoff is a derogatory noun for an irritating, foolish, inconsiderate, or contemptible person—roughly 'jerk' or 'idiot,' with force depending on tone and relationship.
Puerto Ricojanguear
In Puerto Rican Spanish, janguear means to go out, hang out, or spend leisure time socializing, especially with friends.
Philadelphiajawn
In Philadelphia English, jawn is a highly flexible informal noun that can refer to a person, place, thing, event, or situation when the intended referent is clear from context.
Philadelphiajeet
An informal written representation of a connected-speech reduction of “did you eat?”, strongly recognizable in Philadelphia accent writing but not unique to Philadelphia.
Chicagojuke
In Chicago electronic dance-music history, juke names a fast house-derived style or sound that grew from ghetto house and became closely connected with footwork dancing and the later footwork music scene. The labels juke and footwork overlap historically, but they are not perfect synonyms in every period or source.
Los AngelesJune Gloom
June Gloom is the Southern California name for recurring late-spring and early-summer periods of coastal low clouds, marine-layer stratus, fog or drizzle, and cooler gray mornings that may clear later in the day.
JamaicaJUTC
In Jamaican transport and civic language, JUTC means the Jamaica Urban Transit Company, the government-owned public bus operator best known for services in the Kingston Metropolitan Transport Region and also used for expanding rural, express, and school-bus services.
Mumbaikaali-peeli / काली-पीली
In Mumbai transport language, kaali-peeli ('black-yellow') is the familiar name for the city's conventional black-and-yellow metered taxi, distinct from app-based cabs and other taxi categories.
Singaporekaki
In Singapore colloquial usage, kaki can mean a friend, buddy, or companion, especially someone associated with a shared activity or regular social circle.
Hawaiʻikamaʻāina
Kamaʻāina is a Hawaiian word whose dictionary senses include a native-born person, one born in a place, a host, and someone familiar or acquainted; in modern local Hawaiʻi English it commonly refers to a local or long-time resident.
Liverpoolkecks
Kecks means trousers or, depending on context, underwear. It is well documented in Liverpool English but also belongs more widely to Northern English and other regional British and Irish usage.
Scotlandken
In Scots, ken means to know, be aware of, recognize, or be acquainted with a person, fact, place, or situation.
Londonkerb
In British English, a kerb is the raised edge separating a pavement from the road; the corresponding American spelling for this street feature is curb.
Pariskeuf
In familiar French, keuf means a police officer or cop. It is a verlan form associated with flic and is especially recognizable in youth and urban colloquial speech.
Singaporekiasu
In Singapore English, kiasu describes a fear of losing out or a strong drive not to miss an advantage, and by extension can describe behaviour seen as overly competitive, acquisitive, or determined to get ahead.
Jamaicakiss-teeth
In Jamaican interaction, kiss-teeth is an audible oral gesture made by drawing air inward through or around the teeth and lips. It can communicate disapproval, frustration, impatience, disdain, disbelief, resistance, annoyance, or other negative stance, but its exact meaning depends on context, timing, duration, intensity, and the relationship between participants.
Texaskolache
In traditional Czech-Texan usage, a kolache (from Czech koláč/koláče) is a sweet yeast pastry with an open fruit, poppy-seed, or cheese filling; in broader everyday Texas English, kolache is also commonly extended to savory sausage-filled pastries that Czech-Texan sources more precisely call klobasneks.
Singaporekopitiam
In Singapore, kopitiam refers to a traditional local coffee shop or neighbourhood eating place where coffee, tea, toast, and a range of local foods may be sold; the word itself combines Malay kopi 'coffee' with Hokkien tiam 'shop'.
New Orleanskrewe
A krewe is a club or organization formed to participate in Carnival, commonly staging Mardi Gras parades, balls, pageants, throws, or other festivities in New Orleans.
Los AngelesLA Basin
LA Basin is everyday and technical shorthand for the Los Angeles Basin, a broad lowland and geologic region covering much of the urbanized Los Angeles coastal plain and extending into parts of surrounding Southern California counties depending on the geographic or scientific definition being used.
Moroccolabas
In Moroccan Arabic, labas? is a routine greeting or check-in meaning roughly ‘Are you fine?’ or ‘Everything okay?’. Labas also appears in positive replies such as labas, lhamdulillah.
New Orleanslagniappe
Lagniappe means a small extra gift, bonus, or something added beyond what was expected; it is strongly associated with Louisiana and New Orleans even though the English word is now understood beyond the region.
Singaporelah
In Colloquial Singapore English, lah is a clause-final discourse particle that can add speaker stance such as emphasis, insistence, reassurance, or an appeal for accommodation; its effect depends strongly on the sentence and delivery.
Londonlay-by
In British English, a lay-by is a small area or short strip beside a road where a vehicle can pull out of the traffic flow and stop for a time.
IrelandLeap Card
In Irish transport language, a Leap Card is a reusable prepaid travel card used as an integrated public-transport payment and ticketing product within the Transport for Ireland network.
Singaporeleh
In Colloquial Singapore English, leh is a clause-final discourse particle used in functions that can include tentative suggestions or requests, comparison, qualification, or a softened challenge; scholars note that its exact force is context-dependent.
Atlantalemon pepper wet
In Atlanta food language, lemon pepper wet refers to a strongly local wing style or flavor built around lemon-pepper seasoning plus a wet coating such as butter, sauce, or a shop-specific combination; recipes are not completely standardized.
Londonleng
In Multicultural London English, leng is an informal positive adjective meaning very attractive, nice, impressive, or highly desirable, especially when evaluating a person.
Londonlift
In British English, a lift is the device that carries people or goods vertically between floors of a building—the device usually called an elevator in American English.
Jamaicalikkle
A widely recognizable Jamaican form and public spelling corresponding to little, used for small size, a small amount, or a slight degree depending on context.
Australialolly
In Australian English, a lolly commonly means a piece of confectionery or candy, especially a wrapped sweet that is sucked or chewed; the plural lollies is extremely common in everyday food language.
Londonloo
In British English, loo is an informal everyday word for a toilet or toilet room.
Singaporelor
In Colloquial Singapore English, lor is a clause-final discourse particle often associated with obviousness, acceptance, or resignation, especially when a speaker presents a situation as the way things simply are.
DublinLuas
In Dublin travel and civic language, Luas is the name of the city's tram and light-rail network, and speakers commonly use it directly in phrases such as take the Luas, on the Luas, or a Luas stop.
Washington, D.C.lunchin’
In documented Washington, D.C. dialect, lunchin’ can describe someone who is not paying attention, is mentally off track, or is acting as though they are ‘out to lunch.’
Moroccoma…sh
A common Moroccan Arabic verbal negation pattern places ma- before the verb and -sh after it, creating forms comparable to English ‘don’t’, ‘doesn’t’, or ‘didn’t’ depending on the verb tense and context.
AustraliaMacca’s
In Australia, Macca’s is the familiar nickname for McDonald’s and can refer to the restaurant chain, a particular restaurant, or food bought from McDonald’s depending on context.
New York Citymad
In Black New York speech and wider informal American English, mad can intensify degree to mean very or extremely and can also mark a large quantity or amount.
Liverpoolmade up
In Liverpool speech, made up commonly means very happy, pleased, or delighted about something.
Hawaiʻimakai
Makai, from Hawaiian ma kai, means at, by, or toward the sea and is widely used in Hawaiʻi directions as the opposite of mauka, inland or mountainward.
Miamimake a party
In Miami English, make a party can mean hold, have, or throw a party, a documented calque associated with Spanish hacer una fiesta.
Miamimake the line
In Miami English, make the line can mean stand, wait, or get in line, reflecting Spanish hacer la fila / hacer la cola-style contact patterns in local English.
New Orleansmaking groceries
Making groceries is an iconic New Orleans expression meaning shopping for groceries or buying groceries.
Irelandmammy
In Irish English, mammy is an informal family word for mother, used especially as a familiar form of address or reference. This Irish family sense must be distinguished from a separate historically racist and offensive United States sense of the same spelling.
Londonman
In Multicultural London English, man can function as a context-dependent pronoun rather than only the ordinary noun or address term; research documents first-person singular use and a wider range of person and number interpretations across speakers and contexts.
Londonmandem
In Multicultural London English and wider British urban slang, mandem is a collective noun typically referring to a speaker’s male friends, crew, or male associates; context can broaden the reference, but it is not simply a generic word for every group of men.
Jamaicamannish water
In Jamaican food vocabulary, mannish water is a traditional goat soup, often prepared with goat meat together with provisions or vegetables, herbs, spices, and other seasonings; recipes vary by cook and occasion.
AtlantaMARTA
MARTA is Atlanta’s public transit system and the familiar acronym for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, operating rail, buses, and streetcar service in the region.
Australiamate
In Australian English, mate is an informal noun for a friend or companion and a widely used form of address that can imply equality and goodwill. Depending on relationship, position, and delivery, the address term can also be ironic or confrontational rather than friendly.
Hawaiʻimauka / makai
In Hawaiʻi, mauka means inland or toward the mountains and makai means seaward or toward the ocean; the pair is widely used in local directions and place orientation instead of relying only on compass points.
Hawaiʻimauka
Mauka, from Hawaiian ma uka, means inland, upland, or toward the mountains and is widely used in Hawaiʻi directions as the opposite of makai, toward the sea.
Los AngelesMay Gray
May Gray is Southern California weather shorthand for recurring late-spring periods of low coastal clouds, fog, a deep marine layer, and cool gray mornings that can spread into valleys before clearing later in the day.
MedellínMedallo
Medallo is an informal, colloquial nickname for Medellín, used in local conversation, music, popular culture, and city identity.
Singaporemeh
In Colloquial Singapore English, meh is a clause-final discourse particle commonly used to frame a question with skepticism, doubt, or a challenge to information the speaker finds uncertain or unexpected.
Scotland · Irelandmessages
In Scottish usage, messages can mean shopping or the goods bought on a shopping trip; to go the messages means to go shopping or run shopping errands.
Washington, D.C.Metro
In Washington-area speech, Metro usually means the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) regional transit system and, depending on context, may refer especially to its Metrorail trains and stations.
Parismeuf
In contemporary informal French, meuf means a woman or young woman and can also refer to a girlfriend or female partner. It is a well-known verlan form of femme.
Australiamilk bar
In Australian English, a milk bar can mean a small neighbourhood shop selling basic groceries, milk, bread, confectionery, drinks and other everyday items, broadly overlapping with corner shop or convenience store.
Irelandminerals
In Irish English, minerals can mean sweet carbonated soft drinks or fizzy drinks, especially in traditional, family, hospitality, and regional usage rather than the geological substances meant by the standard scientific sense.
Londonminicab
In London transport language, a minicab is a private-hire vehicle that is booked in advance rather than hailed in the street, making it a different category from a London black cab.
San FranciscoMission burrito
A Mission burrito, or Mission-style burrito, is the large foil-wrapped burrito style strongly associated with San Francisco’s Mission District, commonly built with a flour tortilla and substantial fillings such as beans, rice, meat or other protein, salsa, and optional additions.
Madridmolar
In colloquial Spain Spanish, molar means to appeal to someone, to be enjoyable, or to be cool or great; constructions such as me mola mean roughly 'I like it' or 'that works for me'.
Londonmotorway
In British English, a motorway is a major limited-access road built for fast long-distance motor traffic, broadly comparable to a freeway or expressway in American English.
Australiamozzie
In Australian English, mozzie is an informal noun for a mosquito. The form follows a productive Australian pattern in which a longer word is shortened and an -ie or -y ending is added.
MumbaiMumbai local / local
In Mumbai everyday transport language, a local is a suburban train service within the metropolitan rail network; 'Mumbai local' or 'the local' commonly refers to these high-frequency commuter trains rather than a long-distance railway service.
Washington, D.C.mumbo sauce / mambo sauce
Mumbo sauce, also spelled mambo sauce, is the sweet, tangy, often mildly spicy red-orange condiment strongly associated with Washington, D.C. carryout culture, especially as a sauce for fried chicken wings, fries and other takeout foods.
San FranciscoMuni
Muni is the familiar nickname and ordinary public name for the San Francisco Municipal Railway, the transit division of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency.
Moroccomzyan
In Moroccan Arabic, mzyan commonly means ‘good’ as an adjective and can also function adverbially with a meaning like ‘well’.
Pittsburghn’at
In Pittsburgh speech, n’at is a sentence-final discourse extender meaning roughly 'and that,' 'and stuff like that,' 'and so on,' or 'and whatnot.'
Liverpoolnark
In Liverpool English, nark can refer to an argumentative or annoying person, and historically can also name a state of anger or irritation.
Australianature strip
In Australian street and council language, a nature strip is the public strip of land between a private property boundary and the road or kerb, often grassed and sometimes containing trees, utilities or a footpath.
Pittsburghnebby
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania speech, nebby means nosy, prying, or meddlesomely inquisitive—especially about other people's business.
Pittsburghneeds washed
Needs washed names a regional grammatical construction in which need is followed directly by a passive participle, as in 'The car needs washed,' where many other English varieties would say 'needs to be washed' or 'needs washing.'
Mexico Cityneta
In popular Mexican Spanish, neta can mean the truth, 'really' or 'seriously', and in the phrase ser la neta it can describe someone or something as the best or exceptionally good.
Newcastle upon Tynenetty
Netty is a Northeast England dialect word for a toilet or lavatory, historically especially an earth closet.
New Orleansneutral ground
In New Orleans, neutral ground is the ordinary local term for the median or central strip separating traffic directions on a street or boulevard, including landscaped spaces and some streetcar rights-of-way.
Australiano worries
No worries is an informal Australian expression meaning that there is no problem or cause for concern. It is also commonly used as a friendly response to thanks or to indicate that a request can be handled.
Seoul노래방
노래방 (noraebang) is a private singing room or karaoke room where people select songs and sing using microphones and a screen, commonly rented by time or used in coin-operated form.
San Francisco Bay AreaNorth Bay
In San Francisco Bay Area usage, the North Bay is the northern subregion that includes Marin, Napa, Solano, and Sonoma counties in the nine-county regional framework.
Jamaica · Londonnuff
In Jamaican, nuff commonly means many, much, plenty, or a lot, functioning as an everyday quantity word.
Jamaicanuh
In Jamaican, nuh is a common public spelling of a reduced form of the standard clausal negator often written no in linguistic descriptions; before a predicate it marks a clause as negative, covering functions that Standard English may express with not, don't, doesn't, or related auxiliary-based forms.
Scotlandnumpty
In Scots and Scottish English, numpty is an informal noun for a stupid, foolish, or silly person. It can be a genuine insult or a comparatively light, teasing criticism depending on relationship, tone, and situation.
Seoul눈치
눈치 (nunchi) is the ability to infer another person's feelings, intentions, or the social situation from indirect cues even when those things are not stated explicitly; it can also refer to the signs or expressions that reveal such a situation.
Jamaicanyam
In Jamaican, nyam is an everyday verb meaning eat or consume food. It belongs to established Jamaican vocabulary and appears in ordinary clauses, linguistic descriptions, and traditional proverbs.
Londonoff-licence
In British English, an off-licence is a shop that sells alcoholic drinks for customers to take away rather than drink on the premises.
New York Cityon line
In New York regional usage, people can say they are waiting “on line” rather than “in line” when standing in a queue.
Bogotáonces
In Bogotá and Colombian usage, onces can mean an afternoon or early-evening snack/light meal. The traditional Bogotá expression onces santafereñas refers to a local spread commonly associated with hot chocolate and foods such as cheese, almojábana, bread, or other amasijos.
Hawaiʻiʻono
ʻOno is a Hawaiian word meaning delicious, tasty, or savory and can also express relishing or craving something; it is widely recognizable in Hawaiʻi food conversation and local public language.
Mexico Cityórale
In popular Mexican Spanish, órale is a flexible interjection used to urge someone to act, accept a suggestion, express surprise or admiration, or call for attention depending on context and intonation.
AtlantaOTP
In metro Atlanta, OTP means ‘Outside the Perimeter’: locations outside the I-285 loop surrounding Atlanta.
Parisouf
In contemporary familiar French, ouf is a verlan form of fou and can describe a person or thing as crazy, wild, bizarre, extreme, or remarkably intense depending on context.
New York Cityouter boroughs
In New York City, the outer boroughs means the four boroughs other than Manhattan: Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. The phrase is common in civic, transportation, housing, media, and everyday geographic discussion.
Scotlandoutwith
In Scottish English and Scots, outwith is a preposition or adverb meaning outside, beyond, or not within a place, boundary, group, scope, system, period, or limit.
LondonOyster card
In London transport language, an Oyster card is Transport for London's branded reusable smart travel card used as a payment method for public-transport journeys in London.
Bostonpackie
In New England informal speech, packie is a shortened form of package store, meaning a shop that sells alcoholic beverages for off-premises consumption. The local retail meaning is ordinary in its home region, but the pronunciation can collide with an unrelated British ethnic slur, so geography and audience matter.
Medellínpaisa
In Colombian usage, paisa is an identity term for a person from Antioquia and, in broader cultural usage, for people and traditions associated with the Paisa region centered on Medellín and Antioquia.
Jamaicapan chicken
In Jamaican food vocabulary, pan chicken is roadside or street-vended chicken cooked over open heat in metal pan or drum-style grills, strongly associated with jerk-style seasoning and late-night roadside eating.
ParisPaname
Paname is a familiar and historically argotic nickname for Paris. In modern use it can sound affectionate, urban, nostalgic, musical, or simply informal depending on context.
Medellínparce
Parce is an informal Colombian address term meaning friend, buddy, pal, or mate, strongly associated with Medellín and Paisa speech but now widely used beyond the city.
Medellínparche
In Medellín and Colombian youth speech, parche can mean a friend group, a regular hangout place, or informally a social plan; the related verb parchar means to hang out or spend time with friends.
Medellínparlache
Parlache is the name for a Colombian urban social dialect or jargon that developed in popular and marginalized sectors of Medellín and later spread through wider social groups, media, literature, music, and Colombian usage.
Jamaicapartner
In Jamaican English, partner can mean a traditional rotating savings arrangement in which a group contributes fixed amounts on a regular schedule and members receive the pooled sum in an agreed rotation or at agreed turns.
Medellínparva
In Medellín, Antioquia, and parts of western Colombia, parva means an assortment or category of breads, biscuits, pastries, and similar bakery goods eaten at breakfast or with coffee, chocolate, or tea.
Hawaiʻipau hana
In Hawaiʻi local usage, pau hana means after work or finished with work, and it commonly names the time, gathering, or social period that begins when the workday is done.
Hawaiʻipau
Pau is a Hawaiian word meaning finished, ended, completed, gone, or all done, and it is also widely used in local Hawaiʻi English and Hawaiʻi Creole for being finished with an activity or for something being over.
Londonpavement
In British English, a pavement is the hard-surfaced pedestrian path beside a road—the feature usually called a sidewalk in American English.
Los AngelesPCH
In Los Angeles and Southern California road language, PCH is the common shorthand for Pacific Coast Highway, the State Route 1 corridor along the coast through places including Santa Monica, Malibu, the South Bay and other coastal communities.
Londonpeak
In Multicultural London English and wider UK youth slang, peak can describe something bad, unfortunate, difficult, embarrassing, or painfully unlucky.
Jamaicapeanut punch
In Jamaican food and drink vocabulary, peanut punch is a peanut-based blended drink, commonly made with peanuts and a milk or milk-style base; sweeteners, spices, malt drinks, stout, or other additions vary by recipe and setting.
ChicagoPedway
In Chicago, the Pedway is the downtown network of pedestrian passages connecting buildings, transit stations, and other destinations across more than 40 blocks of the central business district, with routes that run below and in some places above street level.
Londonpeng
In Multicultural London English and wider British slang, peng is a strongly approving adjective meaning very attractive when applied to a person, or extremely good, appealing, impressive, or high-quality when applied to things such as food, clothes, music, or experiences.
Jamaica; especially Middle Quarters, St Elizabethpeppered shrimp
In Jamaican food vocabulary, peppered shrimp is a spicy shrimp preparation strongly associated with roadside vending, especially around Middle Quarters in St Elizabeth; exact shrimp species, seasoning, heat level, and preparation vary.
Mexico Citypesero
In Mexico City and Mexican urban Spanish, a pesero is a small fixed-route public-transport vehicle—such as a minibus, van, microbus or colectivo—and the word can also refer to the driver of that service.
Londonpetrol
In British English, petrol is the liquid motor fuel commonly called gas or gasoline in American English.
Puerto Ricopichear
In Puerto Rican slang, pichear means to ignore someone or something, pay it no attention, or dismiss a matter; the imperative pichea can mean roughly 'never mind it' or 'forget about it'.
Jamaicapickney
In Jamaican and wider Caribbean usage, pickney means a child or young person. Jamaican sources also show spelling variation such as pikney and picney in traditional proverb collections.
Scotlandpiece
In Scots and Scottish English, a piece can mean a sandwich or a simple bread-based snack, especially food carried for school, work, or a break.
Puerto Ricopisicorre
In Puerto Rico, a pisicorre is a van or similar vehicle adapted for public passenger transport, especially traditional fixed or semi-fixed routes connecting towns, neighborhoods, terminals, and urban destinations; the word can also refer to the service itself.
Seoul포장마차
포장마차 (pojangmacha) is a Korean tented food-and-drink stall or street bar, traditionally associated with inexpensive snacks, alcohol, evening socializing, and compact covered roadside or market-style setups.
Australiapower point
In Australian English, power point is a common term for the wall fitting or electrical socket into which a plug is inserted to connect equipment to the electricity supply.
JamaicaPPV
In Jamaican transport and regulatory language, PPV means Public Passenger Vehicle, an umbrella term for licensed vehicles used to carry passengers for hire or reward within Jamaica's public-passenger transport system.
Ireland · Scotlandpress
In Irish English, press can mean a cupboard or cabinet, especially one with shelves used for household storage such as food, dishes, books, or clothes.
Jamaicaa + verb
In Jamaican Creole, preverbal a can mark progressive aspect before a bare verb, presenting an action as ongoing or in progress. Related progressive forms such as da and de are also documented in parts of the Jamaican continuum, so a + verb is an important construction rather than the only possible progressive pattern for every speaker.
Hawaiʻipūpū
Pūpū is a Hawaiian word with several meanings; in the food sense widely used in Hawaiʻi, it means a relish, appetizer, canapé, hors d’oeuvre, or small dish served for eating and sharing.
Londonqueue
In British English, a queue is a line of people or vehicles waiting for something, and to queue means to wait in or form such a line.
Londonquid
In informal British English, a quid means one pound sterling, and the same form quid is normally used after a number, as in five quid or twenty quid.
Londonrah
In Multicultural London English and related UK youth speech, rah is an exclamation that can react to surprise, admiration, shock, frustration, or something striking—roughly overlapping with wow in some contexts.
Irelandrashers
In Irish English, rashers commonly means slices of bacon, especially the bacon served in a cooked breakfast, sandwich, roll, or other everyday meal.
Jamaicared peas soup
In Jamaican food vocabulary, red peas soup is a soup built around red peas or beans, commonly red kidney beans, cooked with seasonings and often provisions and meat; recipes vary by cook and setting.
Jamaicared plate
In Jamaican transport talk, red plate refers to the red public-passenger-vehicle licence plate used on licensed PPVs and can also function as shorthand when distinguishing licensed taxis or operators from illegal or private-plate vehicles.
Pittsburghredd up
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania speech, redd up means to tidy, straighten, or clean up a room, house, workspace, or collection of things.
Australiarego
In Australian English, rego is the common informal shortening of vehicle registration and can refer to the registration itself, its renewal status, or the registration fee depending on context.
New York City · Boston & New Englandregular coffee
In traditional New York City deli, corner-store, and bodega ordering, a regular coffee commonly means brewed coffee prepared with milk or cream and sugar; local cultural sources often describe the familiar shorthand specifically as milk or cream with two sugars.
Parisrelou
In contemporary familiar French, relou describes a person, behavior, joke, task, or situation as annoying, tiresome, heavy-handed, awkward, or lacking in finesse. It is verlan of lourd.
Londonreturn ticket
In British English, a return ticket is a ticket that covers travel to a destination and back again, corresponding broadly to a round-trip ticket in American English.
Jamaicarhaatid
A strongly expressive Jamaican interjection and intensifier used for reactions such as surprise, shock, disbelief, admiration, irritation, or anger, with its force determined by tone and construction rather than by one fixed English equivalent.
Australiaripper
In informal Australian English, a ripper is an excellent, impressive, or especially good person or thing. The word also appears in exclamatory expressions such as you little ripper to celebrate something exciting or successful.
Australiaroad train
In Australian road vocabulary, a road train is a heavy-vehicle combination in which a motor vehicle or prime mover tows multiple trailers; the regulated Australian definition distinguishes road trains from B-doubles and other combinations.
Londonroadman
In contemporary UK slang, roadman is an identity label for a usually young man associated with ‘road’ or street culture. Depending on who uses it and why, it can be a self- or peer identity, a style label, or a stereotype implying streetwear, grime or drill culture, toughness, hustling, drugs, or trouble.
Jamaicarobot taxi
In Jamaica, a robot taxi is an unlicensed or unregulated vehicle operating as a taxi outside the authorized public-passenger transport system.
Australiarockmelon
In Australian English, a rockmelon is the melon that many other English varieties call a cantaloupe, typically with orange flesh and a netted or rough-looking rind.
Bogotárolo / rola
In Colombian usage, rolo or rola describes a person, identity, style, or thing associated with Bogotá. In modern everyday use it is one of the broadest informal labels for people from or identified with the capital.
Londonroundabout
In British English, a roundabout is a road junction where traffic moves around a central circular area before taking the required exit, broadly corresponding to a traffic circle in American English.
Jamaicaroute taxi
In Jamaica, a route taxi is a licensed public-passenger vehicle that carries separately paying passengers along an authorized route and can pick up or let off passengers along that route.
Philadelphiarowhouse
In Philadelphia, a rowhouse is a house joined to neighboring houses by shared side walls as part of a continuous row; rowhome is a common local variant, and the naming itself is strongly associated with the city's built environment and Mid-Atlantic speech.
Jamaicarun down
In Jamaican food vocabulary, run down is a coconut-milk fish dish or stew, commonly made with salted mackerel cooked down with seasonings until the liquid becomes rich and reduced.
Ireland · Australiarunners
In Irish English, runners commonly means athletic or casual sports shoes—the footwear that American English often calls sneakers and British English often calls trainers.
Londonsafe
In UK slang and MLE-associated speech, safe can express approval of a person or thing, or signal agreement, acceptance, thanks, or that something is good with the speaker.
Moroccosafi
In Moroccan Arabic, safi can mark sufficiency or completion with meanings such as ‘enough’, ‘that’s all’, ‘that’s it’, or ‘finished’, depending on context.
Australiasanger
In Australian English, a sanger is a sandwich; the word is an informal Australian alteration of sandwich and can be used for many different fillings and styles.
Los AngelesSanta Ana winds
Santa Ana winds are strong, dry downslope winds that move from inland high-pressure areas through Southern California mountain passes toward the coast, often producing very dry and potentially dangerous fire-weather conditions.
Australiasausage sizzle
In Australian English, a sausage sizzle is an outdoor social event or barbecue where sausages are cooked and sold, very often as a fundraiser for a school, charity, club, community group or other organization.
Scotlandscheme
In informal Scottish English, a scheme can mean a social-housing estate or local-authority housing development rather than a plan or program.
New York Cityschmear
In New York bagel culture, a schmear is a layer or spread of cream cheese on a bagel, though the word can also refer more generally to a layer of another spreadable food.
Liverpoolscran
In Liverpool speech, scran is informal everyday vocabulary for food, a meal, or something to eat.
New Orleanssecond line
In New Orleans, the second line is the group of community participants who follow the official parade leaders or 'first line' and brass band, dancing and moving with the procession; the term also names the broader Black New Orleans parade tradition built around that participation.
PhiladelphiaSEPTA
In Philadelphia and Southeastern Pennsylvania civic and transport language, SEPTA means the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, the regional public-transit authority and system umbrella serving Philadelphia and the surrounding Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties.
Australiaservo
In Australian English, servo is an informal noun for a service station or petrol station—a place where road vehicles refuel and where convenience food, drinks, toilets, and other roadside services may also be available.
Hawaiʻishaka
The shaka is the Hawaiʻi-associated hand gesture made by extending the thumb and little finger while curling the three middle fingers; depending on context it can communicate greeting, thanks, approval, friendliness, solidarity, connection, or aloha-like positive sentiment.
Moroccoshhal
In Moroccan Arabic, shhal is a question word meaning ‘how much’ or ‘how many’. With prices it commonly appears after b-, as in bshhal, ‘for how much?’ or ‘how much does it cost?’.
Irelandshift
In informal Irish English, shift can mean to kiss someone passionately; the shift can also refer to the kissing itself.
Singaporeshiok
In Singapore colloquial English, shiok expresses strong enjoyment, satisfaction, or pleasure and is especially common when something feels, tastes, or turns out extremely good.
Moroccoshnu
In Moroccan Arabic, shnu is a common interrogative meaning ‘what’. It appears in basic questions about names, objects, actions and needs.
Atlantashoot the ’Hooch
Around Atlanta, shoot the ’Hooch means to float, tube, paddle, or otherwise make a recreational trip down a section of the Chattahoochee River.
New Orleansshotgun house
A shotgun house is a narrow, usually one-room-wide house type strongly associated with New Orleans, traditionally arranged several rooms deep with rooms opening directly into one another and no internal hallway.
Australiashout
In Australian English, shout can mean to pay for or treat someone to food, drink, or another small social expense. In phrases such as ‘my shout’ or ‘your shout’, the noun can mean a person’s offer or turn to pay, especially for a round.
Moroccoshukran
In Moroccan Arabic, shukran is the ordinary expression for ‘thank you’.
Australiasickie
In Australian English, a sickie is an informal term for a day of sick leave or absence from work on sickness grounds, especially in phrases such as take or chuck a sickie; depending on context, the phrase can imply that the person is not genuinely ill or lacks a sufficient medical reason.
Oaklandsideshow
In Oakland and Bay Area car-culture context, a sideshow is a gathering centered on vehicles performing maneuvers such as donuts or other stunt driving, often at intersections; contemporary illegal street sideshows are a major public-safety and enforcement issue.
Los AngelesSigAlert
A SigAlert is a Southern California traffic alert for a significant unplanned roadway incident or closure likely to cause substantial delay.
Londonsingle ticket
In British English, a single ticket is a ticket for travel to a destination without the return journey, corresponding broadly to a one-way ticket in American English.
Irelandslagging
In Irish English, slagging often means teasing or playfully insulting someone, especially as back-and-forth banter among people who know each other. Whether it is friendly depends on relationship, reciprocity, tone, topic, and how the target receives it.
Pittsburghslippy
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania speech, slippy is an everyday regional adjective meaning slippery or slick underfoot or under a vehicle.
Australiasmoko
In Australian English, smoko is an informal work break or tea break, historically associated with smoking but now often used more broadly for a short rest and sometimes for the food or drink consumed during it. Major dictionaries also record the term in New Zealand English, so Maperla does not treat current use as Australia-exclusive.
New Orleanssno-ball
A New Orleans sno-ball is a warm-weather dessert made from very finely shaved, fluffy ice saturated with flavored syrup and optionally finished with additions such as condensed milk or ice cream.
JamaicaSolomon Gundy
In Jamaican food vocabulary, Solomon Gundy is a strongly seasoned smoked or salted fish spread or pâté, commonly based on herring and often eaten with crackers or used as a savoury spread or dip.
New York Cityson
In African American English, especially in Black New York speech, son can be a familiar term of address for another person rather than a literal child; the addressee does not have to be male.
Jamaicasoon come
In Jamaican, soon come can mean that someone or something will come, return, or arrive soon; the exact amount of time is often left to context rather than specified precisely.
Jamaicasorrel
In Jamaican food and drink vocabulary, sorrel commonly means a tart crimson drink made by steeping or infusing sorrel/roselle hibiscus calyces, especially associated with the Christmas season and often flavoured with ginger and spices.
Liverpoolsound
In Liverpool conversation, sound can mean good, okay, all right, dependable, or acceptable, and it can stand alone as an acknowledgment similar to 'okay' or 'great'.
San Francisco Bay AreaSouth Bay
In San Francisco Bay Area usage, the South Bay is the southern subregion centered on Santa Clara County and the San José area in the nine-county regional framework.
BostonSouthie
In Boston, Southie is the familiar local name for South Boston, the neighborhood southeast of downtown. It should not be confused with the South End, which is a different Boston neighborhood.
Los AngelesSouthland
In Southern California media and regional speech, Southland is a long-used nickname for greater Los Angeles and, depending on context, a broader Southern California area extending beyond Los Angeles County.
Bostonspace saver
In Boston winter parking, a space saver is an object such as a cone or trash can placed in a shoveled street parking space to reserve it temporarily after a declared snow emergency.
Birmingham · AtlantaSpaghetti Junction
Spaghetti Junction is the famous Birmingham nickname for the Gravelly Hill Interchange at Junction 6 of the M6, where major motorway and local road connections meet in a complex multi-level structure.
Irelandspice bag
A spice bag is an Irish takeaway dish typically combining seasoned chips and crispy fried chicken with onions, peppers, chilli, and other spices, often served with curry sauce.
Jamaicastamp and go
In Jamaican food vocabulary, stamp and go is a saltfish fritter: a savoury fried fritter made by combining salted fish with a seasoned batter; recipes, size, texture, and serving context can vary.
Jamaicastew peas
In Jamaican food vocabulary, stew peas is a hearty bean stew centered on red peas or kidney beans, commonly cooked with coconut milk and seasonings and often made with salted or cured meat, although meatless versions are also established.
Texasstock tank
In Texas rural usage, a stock tank is a small pond or impounded water body on private or ranch land, historically associated with watering livestock but also used for fishing, wildlife, and other land-management purposes.
New York Citystoop
In New York City, a stoop is the exterior steps and landing at a building entrance, especially on row houses and brownstones; it also functions as a recognizable neighborhood social space.
Newcastle upon Tynestottie
A stottie is a substantial flat round bread associated with Northeast England, often split and filled to make a sandwich; stotty is a common spelling variant.
Jamaicasuck-suck
In Jamaican everyday English, suck-suck is a frozen sweet drink or icy treat prepared in a small plastic bag and eaten or drunk by sucking from the bag as it softens.
Bogotásumercé
Sumercé is a respectful or affectionate second-person form of address used in central Colombia, especially Boyacá and Cundinamarca and also in Bogotá; depending on relationship and tone it can function where other speakers might use usted, tú, or an affectionate address term.
Australiaswimmers
In Australian English, swimmers can mean swimwear: clothing worn for swimming, including forms that other English varieties may call a swimming costume, swimsuit, or swimming trunks.
Londontakeaway
In British English, takeaway can mean food bought from a restaurant or shop to be eaten somewhere else, or the shop or restaurant that sells that food.
Hawaiʻitalk story
In Hawaiʻi local speech, talk story means to chat, converse, catch up, or spend time sharing stories and conversation; it does not require telling one formal narrative.
Mumbaitapori / टपोरी
In Mumbai cultural and linguistic discussion, tapori can label a streetwise urban social type or subculture and, by extension, a socially marked register associated with Bambaiya Hindi; the label is class-coded and should not be treated as a neutral synonym for every Mumbaikar.
Birminghamtara-a-bit
Tara-a-bit is a Birmingham and wider West Midlands farewell meaning goodbye or see you later; it is often shortened to tara.
Londontaxi rank
In British and London transport language, a taxi rank is a designated place where taxis wait for customers; in London, licensed taxis or black cabs can pick up passengers from taxi ranks, while private-hire vehicles or minicabs cannot use them for street pickup.
TexasTejano / Tejana
Tejano/Tejana is an identity term for a Texan of Mexican descent or a Texas Mexican, and by extension can describe cultural forms rooted in that community, including Tejano music and related arts; it is not synonymous with every Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish-speaking Texan.
Londontenner
In informal British English, a tenner means ten pounds or a banknote worth ten pounds, and it is also used casually for a price, contribution, or amount of £10.
Paristeuf
In familiar French, teuf means a party, celebration, or informal event. It is a verlan form of fête and can appear in ordinary nightlife talk as well as in references to free-party culture.
TexasTex-Mex
Tex-Mex is a Texas Mexican-American cuisine and cultural food tradition shaped by the long interaction of Indigenous, Mexican/Spanish, Tejano, U.S. and regional Texas ingredients and cooking practices; it is related to but not synonymous with Mexican cuisine as a whole.
TexasTexas German
Texas German is the name for German varieties that developed among German-speaking communities in Texas, especially in Central Texas, from immigrant dialects that mixed with one another and changed through long-term contact with English.
TexasTexas turnaround
A Texas turnaround is a grade-separated U-turn connection, typically at or near a freeway interchange, that lets traffic move from one frontage road to the opposite-direction frontage road without passing through the signalized cross-street intersection.
IrelandTFI
In Irish transport and civic language, TFI means Transport for Ireland, the public-facing brand under which the National Transport Authority presents and coordinates integrated public-transport information, services, products, and customer tools across Ireland.
LondonTfL
In London civic and transport language, TfL means Transport for London, the integrated transport authority responsible for most of the capital's public-transport system and for additional transport functions including London's main roads, road-user charging, taxi and private-hire regulation, accessibility, walking, and cycling programmes.
Los Angelesthe 101
In Los Angeles conversation, the 101 means U.S. Route 101, the major freeway corridor running through Downtown/Hollywood and into the San Fernando Valley before continuing through California.
Miamithe 305
In Miami and Miami-Dade cultural language, the 305 is an identity shorthand for Miami, rooted in the region's historic 305 telephone area code rather than a claim that every current local number uses 305.
Los Angelesthe 405
In Los Angeles and Southern California, the 405 means Interstate 405, a major north-south freeway serving the Valley, Westside, LAX area, South Bay, Long Beach, and Orange County.
Atlantathe Beltline
In Atlanta, the Beltline means the Atlanta Beltline: the major loop-shaped redevelopment network of trails, parks, public space, future transit, housing, and neighborhood connections built along a historic rail corridor.
Washington, D.C.the Beltway
In Washington-area navigation, the Beltway means the Capital Beltway, the I-495 ring road around Washington, D.C. through Maryland and Virginia, with portions sharing roadway with I-95.
Bronxthe Boogie Down
The Boogie Down, especially in the phrase the Boogie Down Bronx, is a familiar nickname for the Bronx strongly connected with the borough's hip-hop identity.
Philadelphiathe Boulevard
In Philadelphia, especially in North and Northeast Philadelphia context, the Boulevard commonly means Roosevelt Boulevard, the major U.S. Route 1 corridor running through the city toward Bucks County.
Birminghamthe Bullring
In Birmingham, the Bullring refers to the historic market and shopping area around St Martin's in the city centre and, in modern use, especially the major Bullring shopping complex there.
Australiathe bush
In Australian English, the bush commonly means sparsely settled rural or wild country dominated by native vegetation away from major urban areas, with the exact landscape ranging from forest and woodland to other undeveloped country.
Bostonthe Cape
In Massachusetts and much of New England, the Cape commonly means Cape Cod, especially in travel, weather, summer, traffic, housing, and weekend-planning contexts.
New York City · Londonthe city
Among some New Yorkers outside Manhattan, “the city” can specifically mean Manhattan, as in going from Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, or Staten Island into Manhattan.
Bostonthe Common
In Boston context, the Common commonly means Boston Common, the historic public park in the center of the city beside Beacon Hill and the Public Garden.
Atlantathe Connector
In Atlanta traffic talk, the Connector means the Downtown Connector, the combined I-75/I-85 freeway corridor running through the center of the city.
Kingstonthe Corporate Area
In Jamaican civic and everyday geographic language, the Corporate Area refers to Kingston and St. Andrew together, especially when government, municipal, infrastructure, policing, weather, or public-service discussion treats the two parishes as one connected urban area.
Irelandthe GAA
In Ireland, the GAA means the Gaelic Athletic Association and, depending on context, can also evoke its club-and-county system, competitions, volunteer network, and wider community life around Gaelic games.
Boston & New England · New York Citythe Garden
In Boston sports and event context, the Garden is a familiar short name for TD Garden, the Causeway Street arena used by the Boston Celtics and Boston Bruins. Local and official sports writing routinely switches between the full venue name and the shorter Garden when the Boston reference is clear.
Irelandthe guards
In Ireland, the guards is a common English expression for members of An Garda Síochána, Ireland's national police and security service, roughly corresponding to the police or the Gardaí in context.
Atlantathe ’Hooch
Around Atlanta, the ’Hooch is an affectionate regional shorthand for the Chattahoochee River, especially when people talk about recreation, parks, paddling, tubing, and the river corridor north of and through the metro area.
Bostonthe Hub
The Hub is a long-established nickname for Boston, shortened from the city's historical ‘hub of the solar system’ or ‘hub of the universe’ tradition.
Irelandthe jacks
In very informal Irish English, the jacks means the toilet, lavatory, or restroom, especially in phrases such as go to the jacks or use the jacks.
Chicagothe Kennedy
The Kennedy is Chicago shorthand for the Kennedy Expressway, the I-90/I-94 corridor running northwest from downtown toward the O'Hare area before the interstate routes diverge.
Chicagothe L
The L is Chicago's rapid-transit train system, the everyday and official nickname historically shortened from 'elevated' even though parts of the modern network run at street level, on embankments, in expressway medians, or underground.
Philadelphiathe Main Line
In Greater Philadelphia, the Main Line is the conventional name for a corridor and group of suburbs west and northwest of the city that developed along the Pennsylvania Railroad's historic Main Line, especially communities in and around Lower Merion, Radnor, and farther west toward Paoli depending on context.
New York City · Londonthe Met
In New York City art, museum, and visitor context, the Met is the familiar and first-party short name for The Metropolitan Museum of Art, whose New York sites include The Met Fifth Avenue and The Met Cloisters.
Philadelphiathe Northeast
In Philadelphia, the Northeast is the familiar local name for the large northeastern section of the city, covering many distinct neighborhoods and commonly divided into Lower Northeast and Far Northeast areas.
Dublinthe Northside
In Dublin, the Northside is the conventional geographic and identity label for the part of the city and wider Dublin area north of the River Liffey. The term can also evoke historical class, accent, neighborhood, and cultural stereotypes, but it is not a reliable synonym for working-class or disadvantaged Dublin.
Australiathe outback
In Australian English, the outback means remote, sparsely settled country far from major towns and cities, especially inland rangeland areas; it is strongly associated with central deserts but also extends across semi-arid and tropical rangeland regions.
San Francisco Bay Areathe Peninsula
In San Francisco Bay Area usage, the Peninsula is the land and regional corridor south of San Francisco along San Mateo County; official nine-county transportation descriptions group San Francisco and San Mateo on the Peninsula.
Atlantathe Perimeter
In Atlanta, the Perimeter commonly means Interstate 285, the highway loop that encircles much of the city and anchors the local ITP/OTP distinction.
Bostonthe Pru
In Boston, especially in Back Bay context, the Pru is the familiar short name for Prudential Center, the mixed-use complex centered on the Prudential Tower with shops, restaurants, offices, visitor attractions, and public spaces.
Philadelphiathe Schuylkill
In Philadelphia-area driving and traffic context, the Schuylkill can mean the Schuylkill Expressway, the I-76 corridor connecting Center City and western parts of the region toward the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
Dublinthe Southside
In Dublin, the Southside is the conventional geographic and identity label for the part of the city and wider Dublin area south of the River Liffey. The term can carry historical associations with middle-class, affluent, D4, or prestige-accent stereotypes, but it is not a reliable synonym for wealthy or posh Dublin.
Londonthe Square Mile
In London and British business usage, the Square Mile means the City of London: the historic core and financial district that forms one distinct part of Greater London.
Oaklandthe Town
In Bay Area context, the Town is a familiar nickname for Oakland, used in local culture, civic programs, sports branding, and everyday expressions of Oakland identity.
Londonthe Tube
In London, the Tube is the familiar name for the London Underground railway network and is ordinary vocabulary for travelling on, finding, or discussing Underground services.
Los Angelesthe Valley
In Los Angeles context, the Valley usually means the San Fernando Valley, the broad northern part of the City of Los Angeles and adjacent communities beyond the Santa Monica Mountains.
New York Citythe Village
In New York City, especially in Manhattan context, the Village commonly means Greenwich Village, the downtown neighborhood centered around areas such as Washington Square and the surrounding West Village/Greenwich Village street network.
Londonthe West End
In London, the West End is the central entertainment, theatre, shopping, hotel, and nightlife district west of the historic City of London, with practical boundaries that vary by context rather than forming one administrative neighborhood.
Australiathongs
In Australian English, thongs commonly means light open footwear with a flat sole and a toe-post or strap between the big toe and the next toe—the footwear often called flip-flops elsewhere.
Mexico Citytianguis
In Mexican Spanish, including Mexico City, a tianguis is a temporary or periodic open-air market made up of stalls that are set up in a particular place, often on a recurring day, to sell or exchange many kinds of goods.
Londonting
In Multicultural London English and related British urban speech, ting is a nonstandard pronunciation and spelling form of thing. Depending on context it can refer to an object, matter, situation, activity, or another contextually understood referent; in some phrases it can also refer to a person.
Bogotátinto
In Colombia, tinto commonly means plain black coffee without milk. It is everyday coffee vocabulary in Bogotá and across the country, not a Bogotá-exclusive term.
BirminghamTip Top
In Birmingham local vocabulary, a Tip Top is a long flavoured ice lolly or ice pop sold frozen in a narrow plastic tube.
Australiatogs
In Australian English, togs can mean a swimming costume or swimwear, with especially strong regional use in Queensland and parts of northern Australia; the same swimwear sense is also documented in New Zealand and Ireland.
Newcastle upon Tynethe Toon
In Newcastle and Tyneside usage, the Toon is familiar shorthand for Newcastle itself and, especially in football context, for Newcastle United and the community around the club.
Jamaicatoto
In Jamaican food vocabulary, toto is a traditional coconut cake or baked coconut sweet, commonly made with grated coconut in a flour-and-sugar batter; recipes and presentation vary.
Australiatradie
In Australian English, tradie is an informal noun for a tradesperson, such as an electrician, carpenter, plumber, builder, or other skilled manual worker.
Birminghamtraffic island
In Birmingham and wider Midlands directions, traffic island — often shortened simply to island — can mean a road roundabout.
BogotáTransMilenio
TransMilenio is Bogotá’s bus rapid transit system and a core piece of the city’s integrated public-transport network; the proper name is also everyday shorthand for its trunk buses, stations, corridors, and system experience.
Atlantatrap
In Atlanta cultural context, trap commonly refers to trap music: a Southern hip-hop style and subgenre for which Atlanta became a major creative center and global exporter. The word also has older drug-house and street-economy meanings that are distinct from simply naming the music.
Seoul따릉이
따릉이 (Ttareungi) is the name of Seoul's public bicycle-sharing system and, in everyday city speech, a Ttareungi is one of the shared bikes available through that system.
Jamaicaturn cornmeal
In Jamaican food vocabulary, turn cornmeal (also called turned cornmeal) is a thick cooked cornmeal dish made by stirring cornmeal until firm; coconut milk and seasonings are common in many Jamaican preparations, but recipes vary.
Chicagotwo-flat
In Chicago housing vocabulary, a two-flat is a small residential building with two principal flats, typically one unit stacked above the other; the local flat naming system also extends to forms such as three-flat and six-flat.
New York City · Jamaicauptown
In New York City, especially in Manhattan transit and navigation, uptown means toward the upper or more northerly part of Manhattan; MTA signs and service notices use uptown for northward subway direction in Manhattan.
Australiaute
In Australian English, a ute is a light utility vehicle with a cab and an open cargo area or tray; in broad modern use it overlaps with what many other English varieties call a pickup truck.
Mumbaivada pav / वड़ा पाव
Vada pav is a Mumbai-iconic street food made by serving a spiced potato fritter (vada) inside a pav bread roll, usually with chutneys and often a fried green chilli.
Miamiventanita
In Miami Cuban food culture, a ventanita is a small walk-up service window at a café or restaurant where customers order Cuban coffee, pastries, snacks, and other quick items while often socializing nearby.
Moroccowach
In Moroccan Arabic, wach commonly introduces a yes-or-no question. It signals that the clause is being asked as a polar question rather than supplying the content word itself.
Liverpoolwacker
In historical Liverpool English, wacker (also whacker, wack or whack) referred to a Liverpudlian and could be used as a familiar form of address between local people.
Jamaica · Londonwah gwaan
A common Jamaican greeting and check-in meaning roughly ‘what’s happening?’, ‘what’s going on?’, or ‘what’s up?’, with the exact force shaped by tone and situation.
Singaporewah
In Singapore colloquial English, wah is an exclamation that can register surprise, admiration, emphasis, or a strong reaction to what the speaker has just seen, heard, or realised.
Moroccowakha
In Moroccan Arabic, wakha is a common acknowledgment meaning roughly ‘okay’, ‘all right’, or ‘agreed’ in everyday exchanges.
Jamaicawalk good
A Jamaican leave-taking expression meaning roughly goodbye, take care, go well, or safe travels, often carrying a warm wish for the person who is departing or being farewelled.
Londonwasteman
Wasteman is UK slang for a stupid, foolish, or useless person, or someone behaving in a notably foolish way. The word is strongly associated with Multicultural London English but has spread into wider British slang.
Scotland · Irelandwean
In Scottish and Northern Irish English, wean is an informal noun meaning a child, especially a young child.
Scotland · Irelandwee
In Scots and Scottish English, wee commonly means small or little and can also express a small amount, short time, short distance, or slight degree.
Scotlandwheesht
In Scots and Scottish usage, wheesht is a call for silence meaning hush, be quiet, or keep silent. Related forms can also work as a verb meaning to silence someone or become quiet, and as a noun referring to silence.
New Orleanswhere y’at?
Where y’at? is a New Orleans greeting that usually asks how someone is doing, what is going on, or where they are in a broad conversational sense rather than requesting only a literal physical location.
Bostonwicked
In New England informal speech, wicked can act as an intensifier meaning very or extremely.
Liverpoolwool
In Liverpool in-group speech, wool is a teasing or derogatory label for someone regarded as being from outside Liverpool proper, especially from nearby parts of Merseyside, the Wirral, St Helens, Cheshire, or surrounding areas.
Texasy’all
Y’all is a second-person pronoun used for addressing two or more people and sometimes a group understood from context; it is strongly associated with Texas and the U.S. South but is now used far beyond those regions.
Jamaica · Londonyard
In Jamaican English, yard can mean a house or home. That home sense also entered London urban speech through Caribbean influence and is documented among vocabulary associated with Multicultural London English.
Australiayarn
In Australian English, yarn can mean to talk or chat, and to have a yarn means to have an informal conversation. The conversation may include stories or gossip, but the ordinary Australian sense does not require a tall tale and should not be confused with culturally specific First Nations yarning practices.
Irelandye
In Irish English, ye is a second-person plural pronoun used when addressing more than one person, creating a number distinction that Standard English usually leaves to context.
Pittsburghyinz
In Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania English, yinz is a second-person pronoun used especially to address two or more people, roughly equivalent to 'you all,' 'you guys,' or 'y'all.'
Irelandyoke
In Irish English, yoke can be an informal placeholder noun meaning a thing, object, device, or item whose exact name is unknown, forgotten, or unnecessary.
Londonyou get me
In Multicultural London English, you get me can function as a pragmatic marker that seeks or reinforces shared understanding between a speaker and interlocutor rather than literally asking whether every word has been understood. Corpus research finds the marker especially often at the end of an utterance.
Irelandyour man
In Irish English, your man is an informal way to refer to a male person being talked about when his name is unknown, unnecessary, temporarily forgotten, or already recoverable from the conversation. It often corresponds to that man, that guy, or the man in question rather than literally meaning a man belonging to the listener.
Irelandyour one
In informal Irish English, your one is a way to refer to a female person being talked about when her name is unknown, unnecessary, forgotten, or already clear from the conversation. It often corresponds to that woman, that girl, she, or the woman in question rather than literally meaning a woman connected to the listener.
Philadelphia · Irelandyouse
In Philadelphia English, youse is a nonstandard second-person plural pronoun used to address two or more people, making number explicit where Standard English normally uses you for both singular and plural.
Puerto Ricozafacón
In Puerto Rico, zafacón means a trash can, garbage bin, or waste container.
Pariszarbi
In familiar French, zarbi means bizarre, strange, or weird. It is a verlan formation from bizarre and overlaps semantically with chelou without being identical in every context.
Londonzebra crossing
In British English, a zebra crossing is a pedestrian crossing marked by broad alternating black and white stripes across the road.
Why geography still matters
A shared topic does not make terms interchangeable; each entry keeps its own region, register, and local context.
How Everyday Regional Speech Changes Familiar Functions
The most useful regional expressions are often not rare or ceremonial. They perform ordinary conversational jobs: pointing to a thing whose name is obvious from context, referring to a person without naming them, checking shared understanding, intensifying a description, reassuring someone, evaluating a situation, expressing quantity, signaling agreement, or making a clause negative. Because those functions are so routine, speakers may barely notice that their preferred form is regional until they meet someone from elsewhere. This editorial layer compares reviewed Maperla entries by communicative function while keeping each form tied to its own place, grammar, register, and social history.
Jawn shows how context can carry most of a noun’s meaning
Philadelphia jawn can stand in for a person, place, thing, event, or situation when the conversational context makes the referent clear. Its flexibility is the point: the speaker does not need a new specialized noun for every possible jawn.
That makes the word more than a novelty synonym for thing. It is an example of how regional speech can use a highly flexible placeholder noun whose local identity comes from both grammatical usefulness and community history.
Your man and your one manage shared reference in Irish conversation
Irish English your man can refer to an unnamed or contextually obvious male person, while your one can do comparable work for a female referent. In these uses, your is not ordinary possession: the expressions can point toward that man, that woman, or the person currently recoverable from the conversation even when the listener has no personal connection to them.
The pair is useful because every component word looks completely familiar to an English speaker. The regional difference lies in the pragmatic reference pattern, not exotic vocabulary. Tone still matters: either expression can be neutral shorthand, amused, dismissive, or gossipy depending on the interaction.
You get me turns ordinary words into an alignment marker
In Multicultural London English, you get me can work as a pragmatic marker that seeks or reinforces shared understanding rather than simply asking whether the listener comprehended the literal words. Corpus work finds the expression especially often at the end of an utterance, where it can invite acknowledgement or align speaker and listener around a perspective.
That interactional role belongs beside everyday evaluation and agreement because conversation is not only about transmitting definitions. Speakers continually manage whether other people are following, agreeing, or sharing the intended frame, and regional varieties can conventionalize particular ways of doing that work.
Wicked and bare intensify in different grammatical ways
New England wicked can function adverbially before an adjective, meaning very or extremely, while MLE-associated bare can quantify nouns or amounts, meaning many, lots of, or a lot of. Both forms increase scale, but they occupy different grammatical positions and cannot simply replace one another.
Comparing them by function is more informative than collecting them under one slang label. Wicked shows regional intensification; bare shows regional quantification. Their ordinary spellings also make the local meanings easy to miss when a visitor first encounters them.
Grand and safe can manage evaluation and social alignment
Irish English grand can range from genuinely positive to simply fine, satisfactory, or no problem depending on tone. UK and MLE-associated safe can approve a person or thing or signal agreement and satisfaction. Both help speakers align socially, but their pragmatic ranges and regional histories differ.
These are useful visitor words because literal dictionary instincts can mislead. Grand need not mean magnificent, and safe need not concern danger. The surrounding conversation tells the listener which everyday regional sense is active.
Nuff demonstrates how one form can split into quantity and evaluation
Jamaican nuff commonly expresses abundance—many, much, plenty, or a lot—but it can also evaluate a person as overly forward, intrusive, or overbearing. Maperla stores those meanings as separate senses on one canonical page because the spelling is shared while the conversational function changes.
This multi-sense structure is important for everyday speech. A regional dictionary should not flatten a familiar form into one English gloss when speakers actually use it to do different social and grammatical jobs.
Nuh shows that ordinary conversation also exposes grammar
Jamaican nuh is a common public spelling for a reduced form of the clausal negator often written no in linguistic descriptions. It can make a clause negative without behaving like an English auxiliary that changes for person or number, so everyday sentences can reveal Jamaican grammar even when no conspicuous greeting or slang expression is present.
The larger system includes negative concord, where the clausal negator can co-occur with forms corresponding to nobody, nothing, none, and related negative expressions while the sentence still expresses one semantic negation. For visitors, recognizing nuh as grammar is more useful than mechanically substituting it for every English not or don't.
Everyday regionality lives in function, not just colorful vocabulary
Jawn, your man, your one, you get me, wicked, bare, grand, safe, nuff, and nuh illustrate ordinary functions including reference, interactional alignment, intensification, quantity, evaluation, agreement, and negation. None requires a ceremonial local setting; their regional identity emerges through repeated daily use.
For visitors, recognition comes before imitation. Understanding the job a form is doing in a sentence is usually more valuable than deliberately inserting regional markers into speech, especially when the form also carries community, grammatical, or identity associations.
Frequently asked questions
Why group very different words and constructions under Everyday Speech?
Because the topic is organized by conversational function rather than word origin. These forms perform ordinary jobs such as reference, alignment, evaluation, quantity, intensification, agreement, and negation in regional varieties.
Why does your man not always mean a man connected to the listener in Ireland?
Irish English can use your man as a conversational reference expression for an unnamed or already obvious male person. Your one can perform a related function for a female referent.
Does you get me always ask a literal comprehension question?
No. In MLE it can function as a pragmatic marker that reinforces or checks shared understanding, especially in utterance-final position.
Does grand always mean excellent in Ireland?
No. Depending on tone and context it can also mean fine, okay, satisfactory, or no problem.
Are wicked and bare interchangeable intensifiers?
No. New England wicked commonly intensifies adjectives, while MLE-associated bare often functions as a quantifier before nouns or amounts.
Can nuff have more than one meaning?
Yes. Jamaican nuff can express quantity and can also carry an evaluative sense for behavior considered overly forward or intrusive.
Is nuh just Jamaican slang for don't?
No. It is part of Jamaican clause negation and belongs to a larger grammatical system that also includes negative concord and other negative forms.
Sources & review
- Merriam-Webster — Some Jawn About Jawn
- Foras na Gaeilge — your — English-Irish Dictionary
- Trinity College Dublin — January Orientation for Visiting, Erasmus & Exchange Students — Irish Communication
- Edge Hill University — A corpus-based analysis of the pragmatic marker you get me
- Journal of English Linguistics / SAGE — Still Changing: Semantic Innovation and Change in Multicultural London English
- Yale Grammatical Diversity Project — Wicked as intensifier
- Cambridge University Press — The recontextualisation of Multicultural London English: Stylising the ‘roadman’
- Journal of Historical Pragmatics / John Benjamins — The pragmatics of grand in Irish English
- Cambridge Dictionary — Safe — UK slang meanings
- Reading Research Quarterly / Wiley — Writing in Creole Contexts: A Study of Jamaican Primary School Students
- De Gruyter Mouton — Jamaican Creole: morphology and syntax
- Ampersand / Elsevier — Negative Concord in Jamaican
Last reviewed: 2026-08-15